Diagnosing a failed print

Most print failures leave a signature. Warping curls corners off the bed and points to adhesion or cooling. Stringing leaves thin whiskers between features and usually means retraction or temperature tuning.

Layer shifts, where the print suddenly jumps sideways, point to mechanical issues: a loose belt, a skipped step, or printing too fast for the machine.

Work one variable at a time. Change a single setting, print a small test, and observe. Chasing five changes at once tells you nothing about which one worked.